General and Complex Trauma

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General and Complex Trauma

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone is cracked or broken. It is a break in the continuity of the bone. While many fractures are the result of high force impact or stress, bone fractures can also occur because of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis.

The word “Fracture” implies broken bone. A bone may get fractured completely or partially and it is caused commonly by trauma due to falls, motor vehicle accidents,s or sports. Thinning of the bone due to osteoporosis in the elderly can cause the bone to break easily. Overuse injuries are a common cause of stress fractures in athletes.

Types of fractures include:

• Simple fractures in which the fractured pieces of bone are well aligned and stable.
• Unstable fractures are those in which fragments of the broken bone are misaligned and displaced.
• Open (compound) fractures are severe fractures in which the broken bones cut through the skin. This type of fracture is more prone to infection and requires immediate medical attention.
• Greenstick fractures: This is a unique fracture in children that involves bending one side of the bone without any break in the bone.

Fracture Healing

Our body reacts to a fracture by protecting the injured area with a blood clot and callus or fibrous tissue. Bone cells begin forming on either side of the fracture line. These cells grow towards each other and thus close the fracture.

Medical Therapy

The objective of early fracture management is to control bleeding, prevent ischemic injury (bone death), and remove sources of infection such as foreign bodies and dead tissues. The next step in fracture management is the reduction of the fracture and its maintenance. It is important to ensure that the involved part of the body returns to its function after the fracture heals. To achieve this, the maintenance of fracture reduction with immobilization technique is done by either non-operative or surgical methods.

Non-operative (closed) therapy comprises casting and traction (skin and skeletal traction).

• Casting
  closed reduction is done for any fracture that is displaced, shortened, or angulated. Splints and casts made up of fiberglass or plaster of Paris material are used to immobilize the limb.

• Traction
  The traction method is used for the management of fractures and dislocations that cannot be treated by casting. There are two methods of traction namely, skin traction and skeletal traction.

Skin traction involves the attachment of traction tapes to the skin of the limb segment below the fracture. In skeletal traction, a pin is inserted through the bone distal to the fracture. Weights will be applied to this pin, and the patient is placed in an apparatus that facilitates traction. This method is most commonly used for fractures of the thighbone.

Surgical Therapy

• Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)
  This is a surgical procedure in which the fracture site is adequately exposed and reduction of fracture is done. Internal fixation is done with devices such as Kirschner wires, plates and screws, and intramedullary nails.

• External fixation
  External fixation is a procedure in which fracture stabilization is done at a distance from the site of fracture. It helps to maintain bone length and alignment without casting.

External fixation is performed in the following conditions:

• Open fractures with soft-tissue involvement
• Burns and soft tissue injuries
• Pelvic fractures
• Comminuted and unstable fractures
• Fractures having bony deficits
• Limb-lengthening procedures
• Fractures with infection or non-union

Rehabilitation

Fractures may take several weeks to months to heal completely. You should limit your activities even after the removal of the cast or brace so that the bone becomes solid enough to bear the stress. The rehabilitation program involves exercises and a gradual increase in activity levels until the process of healing is complete.